FAQConditions of use of astronaut photographs. To use astronaut photography of Earth accessed through this website, please state . NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER JSC Communications [email protected] 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, TX 77058 Phone (281) 483-5111. NASA's budget has being cut yearly since 1966 when represented 4.61% of United States federal budget until today that represents only 0.5% of the budget. For more information on animal visitors to outer space, you may be interested in the following sites: Animals in Space a Student Feature from NASAexplores. We recommend that the caption for any photograph published include the unique photo number (Mission- Roll- Frame), and our website (http: //eol. For videos, we recommend that the caption published include the title and a link to the video page (http: //eol. Beyond. The. Photography/Crew. Earth. Observations. Videos/) on our website. We always appreciate notification of beneficial uses of astronaut photography of Earth and information on your applications. Astronaut Ed White floats in zero gravity of space off the coast of California during the Gemini IV mission. 4, 2007, the Space Age celebrated. Some Scenes from Space Movies Cinema. Please take your seat and select an entertaining Space Cinema Movie by clicking on any of the titles below. NASA logo Motto: For the Benefit of All. Flag of NASA: Agency overview; Formed: July 29, 1958; 58 years ago () Preceding agency. This will help us continue to maintain these services for the public. Send e- mail to jsc- earthweb@mail. As a government entity, NASA does not . The Agency generally. NASA material may not be used to state or imply the endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product. For astronaut photography of Earth accessed through this. We. recommend that the caption or supporting materials used for any photograph published include the unique photo number. Mission- Roll- Frame), and our website (http: //eol. For videos, we recommend that the caption published include the title and a link to the video. Beyond. The. Photography/Crew. Earth. Observations. Videos/). on our website. We always appreciate notification of beneficial uses of astronaut photography of Earth and information on your applications. Send e- mail to jsc- earthweb@mail. If copyrighted, permission should be obtained from the. If not copyrighted, NASA material may be reproduced and distributed without further. NASA. Therefore, permission should. Launching NASA 'An Act to provide for research into the problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes.' With this simple. Linda Moulton Howe, Reporter and Editor, Earthfiles.com. March 8, 2015: Earthfiles YouTube News about RAF Bentwaters on YouTube. April 3, 2015: Earthfiles YouTube. FIRST CCD COLOR VIDEOCAM, SONY XC-1 - 1980. In 1980, Sony marketed a commercial color videocam using a CCD. The world's first commercial color video. NASA is using photonics to solve some of the most pressing upcoming challenges in spaceflight, such as better data communications from space to Earth.If the proposed use of the NASA material could be viewed as a. However, if the intended use of NASA material is primarily for communicative. Any editing or otherwise altering of the work may not be covered under the original license, and therefore. Use of such materials is generally non- objectionable. NASA identifiers appear in their factual context. If the images are used in publications, websites, formal presentations, etc., our requests are: That you credit the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA Johnson Space Center as the source of the information. That you link to our homepage or otherwise list the URL so that other web users can find the base material. That you let us know about your links. We are glad that you are finding the photos or videos to be useful for educational purposes, and would like to see the results. If used in a publication, please send us a complete citation or a . PDF copy (if possible), when the work is in hardcopy for our records. If the resolution of the available still images or videos is not sufficient for your purposes, please contact JSC Communications information on ordering a custom product. How do I search for a particular feature in your database? We have a number of tools on our website that allow you to search for photos, browse low resolution images, and download digital versions of many images at various resolutions. You can find these tools here. Among these tools are also an uncataloged image search tool that may be useful for queries of a specific area with latitude/longitude coordinates. Images obtained using this option will have no center point defined and no descriptive metadata, so the user would need to identify the ground location of the image. If, after using our search tools, you have specific questions about finding the exact photo you need, feel free to contact us with those questions. If you are interested in purchasing a photo that you find, or need a custom resolution or product, you may do so by contacting the Johnson Space Center Communications team. Use the contact information below for prices, printing options and turnaround times. Please be aware that this process can take up to 5 working days. NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER. JSC Communications. NASA Parkway. Houston, TX 7. Phone (2. 81) 4. 83- 5. Please also note that astronaut photograph data may not exist for a given location on the Earth, or for a desired lighting or viewing perspective, and therefore may not be represented in our database. Why is there no data available for my specific location? The astronauts frequently take numerous images in additon to their established science targets, so it is possible that an image of your region of interest will be acquired in the future. If you are unable to find the images you need through our cataloged search options, please feel free to browse through our uncataloged imagery database. The images will not be geolocated or have associated features identified. Why do you have the old country title associated with some images? In cataloging new imagery, we use the names of the current republics in the geographic name field. Over the period of human spaceflight, a number of countries have changed names, united and divided. Our database uses the geographic name that was appropriate when the photograph was taken. How much detail is in astronaut photography? There are limitations to how much detail can be photographed by astronauts. The most detail we have observed is 3- meter pixels, meaning that each dot on the image is equal to 3 meters on the ground. In these most detailed photos, you can see neighborhood streets (unless they are heavily tree- lined) clear; individual houses and other buildings may be visible, but will likely not be sharply defined or have visible details. To find detailed images in our database, visit the Find Photos page and choose a focal length of at least 8. What is the scale of this astronaut photograph? This information is available for a large number of images in our database. In order to calculate the width and height of the image, we have to know the nadir location (coordinates the ISS is over at the time) as well as the center point (latitude and longitude of the center of the image), and the look angle must not be too oblique. For all the records in our database that meet these requirements, a button appears on the record display page that says . By clicking this button, you get a display that shows the distance across the image in meters, and the locations of a locator ellipse (in latitude and longitude). Why do you not have any images of the poles? The International Space Station uses a . What this means is that the Space Station orbit track never crosses either the North or South polar regions. It is possible for astronauts to obtain oblique views of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions at the limits of the orbit track, but usual conditions of low light and poor weather limits their level of detail and usefulness. Other satellites such as Landsat are in Sun- synchronous, near- polar orbits that are greatly inclined relative to the equator. Such an orbit allows coverage of both polar regions. For more information, see our Space Station Orbit Tutorial. What are . If the astronaut looks toward the nadir of the orbit, he or she is looking directly down at the Earth with no tilt angle. If the astronaut looks at some angle off the orbit track, he or she is looking at an oblique angle. Oblique photographs are classified as high oblique if the horizon or atmospheric limb can be seen. Photographs are classified as low oblique if they are intermediate between nadir and high oblique. In the database, the . For example, the geographic location of the image can be approximated by projecting the ISS orbital position directly downwards onto the Earth surface (the ISS nadir point). For off- nadir viewing images, the ISS nadir point does not always correspond to the geographic location of the image . In these cases, it is not appropriate to use the ISS nadir point to geolocate the image; while the nadir point can provide a rough starting location, the actual center point of the image must be determined using some other source of geolocated information (other imagery, Google Earth, maps, etc.). The majority of cataloged digital handheld camera images in our database include an accurate geographic center point determined by skilled Earth scientists, as well as the ISS nadir point when the image was taken. In certain rare cases, a cataloged image may have descriptive metadata but no geographic centerpoint can be determined . In these cases, the ISS nadir point is still included in the database record as a rough approximation of the geographic location. What is the focal length and what does it have to do with the image footprint on the Earth? The focal length of the camera is based on the camera lens that the crew member used to take the image. The focal length is measured in millimeters. The smaller the focal length (example: 2. The larger the focal length (example: 8. The longer the lens focal length, the more magnification, greater detail, and smaller footprint. Geometric relationship between look angle (t), spacecraft nadir point (SN), photograph center point (PC), and photograph principal point (PP). The dark shaded area represents Earth's surface. The distance covered on the ground is the letter D on the image. Image and caption credit: J. In the image above, the green box shows the ground coverage for a 5. In the image above, the green box shows the ground coverage for a 4. What is the sun azimuth? The sun azimuth is the clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun. Therefore, if the sun azimuth angle is 9. This angle is calculated from the nadir point of the International Space Station, not at the center point of the image. Can you explain the cloud cover percentage choices? The cloud cover percentage chart below gives a visual representation of each percentage group. The table shows the lowest end of the percentage group to the highest end. What does it mean when an astronaut photograph is . We have information about the date and time the image was taken, camera lens that was used, and other camera metadata. We find the nadir position of the ISS from the date and time from the camera. Timeline: 5. 0 Years of Spaceflight. On Oct. 4, 2. 00. Space Age celebrated the 5. Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, by the former Soviet Union. But despite that turbulent beginning, the initial launch has led to five decades of triumphs and tragedies in space science and exploration. You are invited to walk through the half century of space exploration and click related links for more in depth information: Sometime in the 1. China combines sulfur, charcoal and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to make gunpowder, the first fuel used to propel early rockets in Chinese warfare. July 4, 1. 05. 4: Chinese astronomers observe the supernova in Taurus that formed the Crab Nebula. Mid- 1. 70. 0s: Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysome in India, begins manufacturing rockets sheathed in iron, not cardboard or paper, to improve their range and stability. March 1. 6, 1. 92. Robert Goddard, sometimes referred to as the . The launch was Goddard's fourth. Feb. 1. 8, 1. 93. The dwarf planet Pluto is discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz. Oct. 3, 1. 94. 2: Germany successfully test launches the first ballistic missile, the A4, more commonly known as the V- 2, and later uses it near the end of European combat in World War II. Sep. 2. 9, 1. 94. Wernher von Braun arrives at Ft. Bliss, Texas, with six other German rocket specialists. Oct. 1. 4, 1. 94. American test pilot Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier for the first time in the X- 1, also known as Glamorous Glennis. Oct. 4, 1. 95. 7: A modified R- 7 two- stage ICBM launches the satellite Sputnik 1 from Tyuratam. The Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States begins. Nov. 3, 1. 95. 7: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2 with the first living passenger, the dog Laika, aboard. Dec. 6, 1. 95. 7: A Vanguard TV- 3 carrying a grapefruit- sized satellite explodes at launch; a failed response to the Sputnik launch by the United States. Jan. 3. 1, 1. 95. Explorer 1, the first satellite with an onboard telemetry system, is launched by the United States into orbit aboard a Juno rocket and returns data from space. Oct. 7, 1. 95. 8: NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan publicly announces NASA's manned spaceflight program along with the formation of the Space Task Group, a panel of scientist and engineers from space- policy organizations absorbed by NASA. The announcement came just six days after NASA was founded. Jan. 1. 2, 1. 95. NASA awards Mc. Donnell Corp. NASA launches Discover 1, the U. S. 1. 1, 1. 96. 0, launch of Discover 1. May 2. 8, 1. 95. 9: The United States launches the first primates in space, Able and Baker, on a suborbital flight. Aug. 7, 1. 95. 9: NASA's Explorer 6 launches and provides the first photographs of the Earth from space. Sept. 1. 2, 1. 95. The Soviet Union's Luna 2 is launched and two days later is intentionally crashed into the Moon. Sept. 1. 7, 1. 95. NASA's X- 1. 5 hypersonic research plane, capable of speeds to Mach 6. Oct. 2. 4, 1. 96. To rush the launch of a Mars probe before the Nov. Bolshevik Revolution, Field Marshall Mitrofan Nedelin ignored several safety protocols and 1. R- 1. 6 ICBM explodes at the Baikonur Cosmodrome during launch preparations. Feb. 1. 2, 1. 96. The Soviet Union launches Venera to Venus, but the probe stops responding after a week. April 1. 2, 1. 96. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space with a 1. Vostok 1 in which he completed one orbit. May 5, 1. 96. 1: Mercury Freedom 7 launches on a Redstone rocket for a 1. Alan Shepard the first American in space. May 2. 5, 1. 96. 1: In a speech before Congress, President John Kennedy announces that an American will land on the moon and be returned safely to Earth before the end of the decade. Oct. 2. 7, 1. 96. Saturn 1, the rocket for the initial Apollo missions, is tested for the first time. Feb. 2. 0, 1. 96. John Glenn makes the first U. S. Both eventually were dissolved. July 2. 8, 1. 96. The U. S. S. R launches its first successful spy satellite, designated Cosmos 7. Aug. 2. 7, 1. 96. Mariner 2 launches and eventually performs the first successful interplanetary flyby when it passes by Venus. Sept. 2. 9, 1. 96. Canada's Alouette 1 launches aboard a NASA Thor- Agena B rocket, becoming the first satellite from a country other than the United States or Soviet Union. June 1. 6, 1. 96. Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to fly into space. July 2. 8, 1. 96. Ranger 7 launches and is the Ranger series' first success, taking photographs of the moon until it crashes into its surface four days later. April 8, 1. 96. 4: Gemini 1, a two- seat spacecraft system, launches in an unmanned flight. Aug. 1. 9, 1. 96. NASA's Syncom 3 launches aboard a Thor- Delta rocket, becoming the first geostationary telecommunications satellite. Oct. 1. 2, 1. 96. The Soviet Union launches Voskhod 1, a modified Vostok orbiter with a three- person crew. March 1. 8, 1. 96. Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov makes the first spacewalk from the Voskhod 2 orbiter. March 2. 3, 1. 96. Gemini 3, the first of the manned Gemini missions, launches with a two- person crew on a Titan 2 rocket, making astronaut Gus Grissom the first man to travel in space twice. June 3, 1. 96. 5: Ed White, during the Gemini 4 mission, becomes the first American to walk in space. July 1. 4, 1. 96. Mariner 4 executes the first successful Mars flyby. Aug. 2. 1, 1. 96. Gemini 5 launches on an eight- day mission. Dec. 1. 5, 1. 96. Gemini 6 launches and performs a rendezvous with Gemini 7. Jan. 1. 4, 1. 96. The Soviet Union's chief designer, Sergei Korolev, dies from complications stemming from routine surgery, leaving the Soviet space program without its most influential leader of the preceding 2. Feb. 3, 1. 96. 6: The unmanned Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 makes the first soft landing on the Moon. March 1, 1. 96. 6: The Soviet Union's Venera 3 probe becomes the first spacecraft to land on the planet. Venus, but its communications system failed before data could be returned. March 1. 6, 1. 96. Gemini 8 launches on a Titan 2 rocket and later docks with a previously launched Agena rocket — the first docking between two orbiting spacecraft. April 3, 1. 96. 6: The Soviet Luna 1. Moon. June 2, 1. 96. Surveyor 1, a lunar lander, performs the first successful U. S. 2. 7, 1. 96. 7: All three astronauts for NASA's Apollo 1 mission suffocate from smoke inhalationin a cabin fire during a launch pad test. April 5, 1. 96. 7: A review board delivers a damning report to NASA Administrator James Webb about problem areas in the Apollo spacecraft. The recommended modifications are completed by Oct. April 2. 3, 1. 96. Soyuz 1 launches but myriad problems surface. The solar panels do not unfold, there are stability problems and the parachute fails to open on descent causing the death of Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Oct. 1. 1, 1. 96. Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, launches on a Saturn 1 for an 1. Earth orbit. The mission also featured the first live TV broadcast of humans in space. Dec. 2. 1, 1. 96. Apollo 8 launches on a Saturn V and becomes the first manned mission to orbit the moon. Jan. 1. 6, 1. 96. Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 rendezvous and dock and perform the first in- orbit crew transfer. March 3, 1. 96. 9: Apollo 9 launches. During the mission, tests of the lunar module are conducted in Earth orbit. May 2. 2, 1. 96. 9: Apollo 1. Lunar Module Snoopy comes within 8. July 2. 0, 1. 96. Six years after U. S. Kennedy's assassination, the Apollo 1. Moon, fulfilling his promise to put an American there by the end of the decade and return him safely to Earth. France launches its first satellite, Ast. Japan's Lambda 4 rocket launches a Japanese test satellite, Ohsumi into orbit. April 1. 3, 1. 97. An explosion ruptures thecommand module of Apollo 1. Abandoning the mission to save their lives, the astronauts climb into the Lunar Module and slingshot around the Moon to speed their return back to Earth. April 2. 4, 1. 97. The People's Republic of China launches its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong- 1, on a Long March 1 rocket, becoming the fifth nation capable of launching its own satellites into space. Sept. 1. 2: 1. 97. The Soviet Union launches Luna 1. April 1. 9, 1. 97. A Proton rocket launches thefirst space station, Salyut 1, from Baikonur. June 6, 1. 97. 1: Soyuz 1. Salyut 1. The three cosmonauts are killed during re- entry from a pressure leak in the cabin. July 2. 6, 1. 97. Apollo 1. 5 launches with a Boeing- built Lunar Roving Vehicle and better life- support equipment to explore the Moon. Oct. 2. 8, 1. 97. The United Kingdom successfully launches its Prospero satellite into orbit on a Black Arrow rocket, becoming the sixth nation capable of launching its own satellites into space. Nov. 1. 3, 1. 97. Mariner 9 becomes the first spacecraft to orbit Mars and provides the first complete map of the planet's surface. Jan. President Richard Nixon announces that NASA is developing a reusable launch vehicle, the space shuttle. March 3, 1. 97. 2: Pioneer 1. Cape Kennedy, Fla. Dec. 1. 9, 1. 97. Apollo 1. 7, the last mission to the moon, returns to Earth. May 1. 4, 1. 97. 3: A Saturn V rocket launches Skylab, the United States' first space station. March 2. 9, 1. 97. Mariner 1. 0 becomes the first spacecraft to fly by Mercury. April 1. 9, 1. 97. The Soviet Union launches India's first satellite, Aryabhata. May 3. 1, 1. 97. 5: The European Space Agency is formed. July 1. 7 1. 97. 5: Soyuz- 1. Apollo 1. 8 dock. Aug. 9, 1. 97. 5: ESA launches its first satellite, Cos- B, aboard a Thor- Delta rocket. Sept. 9, 1. 97. 5: Viking 2, composed of a lander and an orbiter, launches for Mars. July 2. 0, 1. 97. The U. S. Viking 1 lands on Mars, becoming the first successful Mars lander. Aug. 2. 0, 1. 97. Voyager 2 is launched on a course toward Uranus and Neptune. Sept. 5, 1. 97. 7: Voyager 1 is launched to perform flybys of Jupiter and Saturn. Sept. 2. 9, 1. 97. Salyut 6 reaches orbit. It is the first space station equipped with docking stations on either end, which allow for two vehicles to dock at once, including the Progress supply ship. Feb. 2. 2, 1. 97.
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